Here's my major assignment posters, they look so much better on this then they do when their actually printed out, how annoying. Anyways it was the last assignment for the topic, and for my semester, yay!!! only the one exam left. Good luck to all

Here's the first poster showing an overall view, the truss systems and the location of the 5x5m detail.

Here's the second poster (above) just really showing the details and three-dimensional images and all that McJazz.

This is the three-dimensional representations a bolted moment joining plate thing.
The three-dimensional representation of the bottom plate joint with the slab missing. Highlights just how far the holding down bolts go into the slab
Just a cool view of the corner of the office/showroom or the warehouse. I don't remember which but they both look the same

Here's the drawings all done again giving you more information regarding each of the elements and their uses. Note: none of the drawings are done to scale.

This is a section through the warehouse and the showroom wall. It highlights how the connection of floating ceilings is done, also focusing on the junction between the two different levels.

This section is taken wher the rafters are running parallel to the direction in which the section is cut. Pad footings are required where extra support in taking the loads to the foundations, ensuring that he structure is stable.

This is the section through the warehouse wall. The rafters are running into the page to give you a direction in which the section is taken

Hey ya. Here's some initial thoughts into my major assignment. some i couldn't incorporate into the assignment, Emma wasn't feeling the best and just was purely exhausted after being unwell that it was all to much. Hope it makes sense and may be of some use to someone.

CONSTRUCTIONS AND STRUCTURES

MAJOR ASSIGNMENT

ARCHITECTS:

The influences of the chosen architect and the influential aspects of their structure:

The requirements of the client, for the Sainsbury Centre of Visual Arts, in this case the client wanted enough space to house their artwork and collection, whilst also providing space for the education of others. This meant that a multifunctional spaced structure was required predominantly uninterrupted. Through a long span structure this was manageable and based his design upon the military and aerospace hangers, a simplistic and functional design that enabled the main focus of the building to be placed on the inside and the exhibition of the Sainsbury’s. He used the Sainsbury’s theory of art collection in his idea basis of the work, being that ‘first and foremost, the piece must make an emotional impact on them,’ hence, the design of the building must firstly make an emotional impact on the occupants before they enter. Once inside, the perception, or emotion felt may change.

An excessive height for the building was included so that the variety of different art pieces could be exhibited. The height also allowed the upper stories to house areas for learning providing the multifunctional use of the building, also allowing for a greater advantage in the cooling system, as the heat raise it remained away from the occupant. The cavity in the wall was always required as it allowed a greater amount of space in the interior of the building, and also placed less restrictions on the placement of the internal walls. By having no restrictions to the arrangement of the interior through the possibility of supporting columns it allowed a greater flowing attribute to be incorporated. The uninterrupted perception of the structure is clearly visible from the interior and the exterior, giving the occupant a great sense of freedom.

The truss system used a 2.5m wide truss allowing services, and rooms to be incorporated into the walls of the structure, freeing the internal space. The trussing system was enclosed using a plastic-coated aluminium-panel system with adjustable louvers which controlled the amount of light emitted into the structure. Through this adjustable window system it allowed the heat emitted into the building to be reduced, hence, reducing the amount of running costs to the building. The adjustable windows allowed the use of natural resources to be used for the cooling of the building, meaning that no air-conditioners are required to maintain the cooler learning environment. Through the walling additional bracing was added to strengthen the structure further.

The truss system used inner and outer skins which created the cavity within the walls which housed the different elements. The skins composed of interchangeable panels with the main ones being;

• Flat panels – glazed, solid or grilled

• Special glazed – corners

• Special solid – corners, once again

Through each panel a different attribute was incorporated which allowed a variation of external appearances avoiding the same pattern throughout the façade. The glass panels were interchangeable between clear and opaque, they were based on a sandwich principle which provided the centre with much acoustic properties.

Materials predominantly used in their architecture:

Materials that were predominantly used in much of Norman Fosters architecture was glass, aluminium and steel. His designs were based on a simplistic and functional manner that served the purpose of the occupants meeting their needs and desired. These materials allow greater variability into their uses. Curved aluminium sheeting covered the corners of the building creating a continuation of the walls and the roof. This resulted in the overall affect that the building was continuous, the simplicity of the design gave the impression that additions could easily be added, however, Foster believed that it would ruin the emotion that the building had already created, hence the opposing addition below the original structure.

Architectural features that should be incorporated into the design:

• 5m x 5m section – the section will incorporate the flooring to the roofing, with the main focus being upon the continuation of the walling to the roofing junction. Tis junction is one continuous surface, enhancing the aesthetic properties of the exterior. However, internally the junction is not based on a curved aspect, but on two 45° angled joints in the truss (mitred corner).
• Details to be shown in posters – the details that should be shown in the posters include;
• Floor to roof section
• 3D model of the walling system – highlighting the junctions and the way the trusses relate with each other
• Detail of the flooring junction
• Detail of the roof to wall junction
• Walling – detailed drawings and annotation of how the window system operates and works, the height of the warehouse, the thickness of the truss and how it functions together
• Roofing – details of the roofing elements, why they incorporate boardwalks, and how the height of the ceiling reduces the overall heat of the warehouse and why that is important
• Flooring – the detail of how the flooring attaches itself to the ground for the 2.5mish truss system
• Window – The different panels available in the window system and how they result in a cooler building that may not require the use of air-conditioning

Steel

• High strength and stiffness compared to reinforced concrete, timber, and brickwork
• Suitable in bending, compression, and tension
• Relatively easy to connect
• Has tendency to corrode
• Easy to erect
• Fabricated for the needs of the structure off-site minimising the chance of any imperfections and irregularities
• Relatively quick erection time
• Protection against fire may be required
• Length limited by the carrying capability of the truck and site access
• Welding on site is avoided because it’s time consuming and the quality is hard to control, therefore generally bolted connections occur
• Steel frames generally connected to concrete footing using holding-down bolt

Uses:

• Skeletal structures
• Tend to be slender in appearance and can be utilised as an architectural affect – as is used with Norman Fosters work
• Formed into sections to minimise the weight of the supporting structure
• Sectional shapes also allow for the connection to be made with ease
• Sectional shapes include
• UB – Universal Beam
• UC – Universal Column
• PFC – Parallel Flange Channel – generally a C shape
• RSA – Rolled Steel Angle – generally an L shape
• SHS – Square Hollow Section
• RHS – Rectangular Hollow Section
• CHS – Circular Hollow Section

Common Applications for Steelwork – architectural and engineering

• High and low rise construction
• Shopping centres
• Large span roof structures
• Lightweight and tensile structures
• Bridges
• Industrial buildings
• Processing plants
• Telecommunication and transmission towers
• Offshore platforms
• Wharfs

Framing Concepts and Connection Types:

Connections Types:

• Rigid Construction – assumes the connections has sufficient rigidity to hold the original angles unchanged
• Semi-Rigid Construction – is where the connections may not have enough rigidity to hold the original angles unchanged, but are assumed to have the capacity to furnish a dependable and known degree of flexural restraint
• Simple Construction – assumes the connections wont develop bending moments, stability provided through triangulation (bracing)

Connection Methods:

Flexible Connection Methods:

• Flexible connection methods include the following;
• Angle Seat
• Bearing Pad
• Flexible End Plate
• Angle Cleat – single or double
• Web Side Plate
• These connections offer low restraint to beam rotation, being close in behaviour to that of an ideal pin
• Most common flexible connection are the flexible end plate, the angle cleat and the web side plate
• Such connections are assumed to;
• Behave as a simple support
• Simple to fabricate
• Simple to erect
• Less costly than the other two connection methods

Rigid Connection Methods

• Rigid connection methods include the following;
• Field welded moment connection – with erection cleat (also use fillet welded web cleats in lieu of beam web welds)
• Stub girder connections – fully shop welded beam stub, spliced on site
• Bolted moment end plate connection
• These connections offer very high restraint to beam rotation, being close in behaviour to fully fixed (or encastre) connections
• The most common rigid connection methods are the stub girder connection, and the bolted moment end plate connection
• Such connection methods are;
• More complex in fabrication
• More difficult to erect where tight tolerance are involved
• More costly of the two connection types

Basic Framing Systems - Mine based on one-way rigid framework???? Or is trusses irrelevant to this system

One-Way Rigid Framework

• Most commonly employed structural sections
• Exhibit bending resistance about the x-axis and inferior bending resistance about the y-axis
• Rigid beam-to-column connection required about the unbraced plane is required – more costly as it is a rigid connection
• Simple, flexible connections can be utilised along the braced plane
• More restriction in planning the floor layout since space must be reserved for supporting elements, however it is rarely a problem since the bracing can be arranged within the thickness of the perimeter of the walls or be tied to a bracing element
• It is generally necessary to construct a rigid system consisting of either wind girders or a diaphragm having great rigidity along it’s own plane
• Possible to distribute the lateral forces to the individual stabilising element
• In the unbraced plane the frame is rigid
• In the braced plane, ‘pinned’ connecting beams are employed in order to provide beam continuity and/or reduce the lateral deflection of the frame in this direction
• Typical applications of one-way rigid framework include;
• Low-rise industrial frames (portal frames)
• Rectangular frames (especially where bracing can be accommodated within the perimeter)
• Industrial structures
• Architectural structures (bracing elements are often used as part of the architecture feature)

Summary of Framing Systems

Framing System	Advantages	Disadvantages
Two-way Rigid Connections	No stabilising elements required for lateral forces in any plane Freedom of layout planning Plastic design methods can be used if desired – economic in material Continuous beam design leads to reduced beam size	Requires the use of rigid connection, which are more costly than simple connections Columns ideally should have near equal stiffness in both direction – hence fabricated box column may be needed Large column movement
One-way Rigid/One-way Braced Connections	Simple connections used in braced planes – reduces cost Can use I-columns – usually rolled sections Can use plastic design methods and continuous beam design in plane of rigid connections – saving in material	Rigid connection used in unbraced planes –increasing cost Some restriction on planning layout – stabilising elements required in one plane
Two-way Braced Connections	Simple connections possible – reducing cost Usually uses I-columns Beams assumed simply supported for design; columns designed for axial load only at small eccentricity	Restriction on planning layout because of requirement for provision stabilising elements Little interaction between elements Heavier beam sizes

Stabilising elements:

A construction element whose function is to provide a means of stabilising the framework in wither one or two planes may be divided into the following categories;

• Triangulated steel bracing panels using the X, K, or diamond pattern of diagonal members
• Vertical Vierendeel cantilevers in steel
• Triangulated steel core
• Reinforced concrete or masonry shear walls
• Reinforced concrete or masonary cores of shear tubes
• Brick in-fill panels and walls
• Light metal cladding used on the stressed skin principle

Floor Systems:

Composite Structural framing:

In composite structural framing the term composite steel beam refers to a flooring system comprising of a steel beam acting with a concrete slab on it’s top flange connected to form an integral units

Advantage of this system is that the concrete slab not only spans between and distributes the loads to the main beams but also forms part of the beams themselves

Cladding Design Principles:

External Walls:

Functional requirements:

• Main purpose of an external wall is to separate the interior from the exteriors
• Allows the interior environment to be modified to make living a great deal more comfortable
• Makes a building wind and weatherproof, must regulate the transmission of heat, light, air and the pollutants of air – sound, water vapour, fire, smoke and dust

Durability:

• One of the most fundamental requirements of an external wall
• Depends on the environmental conditions of the building
• Must control the factors that can affect its own integrity and long-term performance – the intermittent rain-soaking, solar radiation and vapour migration are of great importance as they can result in a large range of problems

Forms of Construction:

• One way of categorising external walls is according to the means of which they resist rain penetration.
• The three categories are;
• Mass Walls
• Penetration is controlled by utilising the moisture storage capacity – water is stored until the rain stops and then it is evaporated
• Generally constructed from masonry
• Can develop micro-cracks in response to loading, ageing and thermal and moisture movements
• Performance improved by the introduction of a discontinuity of air-space – eg. the cavity – provides a space for the water to drain out of the material
• Fully-Sealed Walls
• Constructed from relatively impervious materials such as metal and glass which are designed to drain off all the rain-water
• Aim to provide permanently weather tight seals across all joints in the exposed outer face of construction
• Rain and wind barriers are one – the film of water which flows across the wall is immediately influenced by wind pressures
• Since the joints are required to resist wind and air, they must resist the combined effects of heavy wetting and wind induced air-pressure differentials
• Requires maintenance due to the joints leaking or whistling due to the deterioration of the joining material
• Single-stage joints show major weakness in this area as thermal movement, large amounts of water draining off adjoining surfaces accumulate and may penetrate directly to the interior
• Demand high standard of installation, rely on sealant, gaskets or perishable fittings, require inspection, maintenance and replacements programmes throughout their lives
• Long-term life-span can be increased through the introduction of an airspace immediately behind the sealed out face
• Single-stage joints are subjected to the combined effects of heavy wetting and wind-induced air-pressure differentials but, in the event of a primary seal failure, the cavity provides a space which can be drained to the exterior
• Usually incorporate a secondary defence system complete with internal drainage mechanism
• Rainscreen or Protected Walls
• The outer leaf or ‘rainscreen’ provides the major barrier to rain penetration and the inner leaf of the wall, which forms the air barrier, is kept relatively dry
• If the air barrier and the joint seals on the inner side of the cavity are not allowed to become wet, they cannot leak to the interior
• First, there is the drained and back-ventilated rainscreen which involved draining off most of the rainwater at the outermost surface of the wall and providing for cavity drainage and evaporation of the remainder
• Second, there is the pressure-equalised rainscreen. The aim is to eliminate penetration through the rainscreen not by tightly sealing joints, but by leaving some or all of them open to the passage of air, but not water
• Common to both options is the provision of an airspace immediately behind the outer leaf which can be drained or ventilated
• The major advantages from the two-stage approach to weather resistance include;
• The cladding assembly doesn’t rely on gaskets or sealants which require periodic inspection and maintenance
• Problems of tolerance and fit and cyclic thermal movements in the cladding assembly are less critical than fully sealed
• The inner leaf which forms the air barrier is protected from the effects of heavy wetting – minor imperfections in the air barrier become less critical
• The outer leaf acts as a solar screen so that thermal expansion and contraction of the inner structural element is reduced
• Joint seals on the inner face of the cavity are protected from the potentially deleterious effects of the UV radiation

Here's notes in regards to the analysis of the articles the link is http://www.jlconline.com/cgi-bin/jlconline.storefront and i found all the articles on this. They are really useful in the description that they give in regards to the different structural types and how they are solved. Titles are in the big letters

Supporting a Wide Floor with Structural Steel

Notes on Article:

• Can use stylised beams as a option for structural steel, allowing an aesthetic nature to a structural element
• Required temporary support throughout the duration of the process, this is because the building was an existing structure requiring the immediate loading of the space. Without the temporary support it would result in the failure of the house, the initial structural elements were inadequate for the new function of the room. The client wanted an open space with no constraints which was initially offered with a column in the middle of the room, with the new arrangement the steel was used to create and appealing aspect to a long spanning room
• The fabrication of steel is shown showing how simple such a design is if planned correctly the erection is quite simple
• Hints were given throughout the article demonstrating easier ways to erect a structural including the tip to not fully tighten the bolts until all section for that piece are in place. This allows for ‘wiggling’ room within the element making the erection much more effective and simple
• Pictorial representations are given through the process of construction. Beginning with the initial structure, highlighting throughout areas which caused some problems and the initial thoughts from the company
• Highlights the decorative elements of the steel emphasising that it can be used for more than just a structural element in a visual respect

Flashing Recessed Windows

Notes on Article:

• Begins with the reason why recessed windows are common in leaking being described as ‘surface tension directing the water inwards towards the building envelope, whilst the horizontal surface below the window obstructs the water flow’
• The article illuminates what is required of the flashing to ensure that there is little to no leakage inside before giving step-by-step instructions of how to complete such a task
• There is also a pictorial representation of each of the steps, being on or two images per direction to simplify the construction process

Block Laying Process

Notes on Article:

• It gives a description on how to cut masonry block. There a re two ways with a brief description given the first being a brick chisel and hammer. However, this technique has a lot of wastage and is very inaccurate. The second is a stationary masonry saw which is an expensive option, wet saw are another way
• The layout of the design is an important aspect to be considered as cutting of the material is a difficult and lengthy process to ensure that they are cut correctly
• How to choose the correct mortar for the design is also given to ensure that people use the correct ratio of the materials. Also explained is how to cut mix the mortar correctly to ensure that t is accurate and has little to no imperfections or irregularities
• The correct estimation of materials is important and an easier way to estimate the amount correctly is also given
• Trowelling tips is given to ensure that the proper technique is used to also ensure that a neat and sturdy structure is seen at the send of the process
• There is a more pictorial representation of the process used to give a step-by-step process of the laying of bricks and other masonry products
• Ensure that the mortar and the bricks are ‘clean’ as the cleaning of hard mortar is difficult and time consuming

Girder Truss to the Rescue

Notes on Article:

• A girder truss is generally used in and for extensions when the main load bearing wall ends up in the middle of a room and needs replacing. It is a cheaper option than the compatible retrofitting of the flush beam into the ceiling
• The article gives a detailed analysis into the site, inside and outside to give the reader a clear picture of what is involved
• There is a run through of the thoughts and processes involved but the processes detailing is vague due to the requirement of a builder completing it
• Tells the reader what materials and their relative sizes where to give an insight into the process that is a girder truss
• The truss can be built off site but must be built into the existing structure through a builder due to the quality required

Footing Fundamentals

Notes on Article:

• Every house requires footings to transfer the loads to the foundation below
• The relevance of the bearing capacity of the soil is highlighted and it’s importance to the type of footings required and their dimensions
• It gives details into the fixing of misplaced footings, the spanning of a footing over softer bearing capacity soils, the water in the excavation of the footings
• Also highlights the importance of the changes in elevation of the site and how you can achieve the jumping of the footings

Emma Stammers
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Tutorial Number Six
Drawing Number Four

Emma Stammers
600154005
Tutorial Number Four

Drawing Number Three